Most of the techniques I use are traditional metalsmithing techniques. They include:

Fabricating. All the basic techniques used in making an object: sawing, filing, sanding, polishing, soldering, riveting, bending, drilling, stamping, etc.

Forging. Hammering and annealing.

Oxidizing. Using Liver of Sulphur to oxidize the sterling.

Casting. Involves making a mold from a model, then producing multiples using the lost wax casting technique. I make models of my designs in metal, then take them to a local jeweler who creates the molds and makes the castings. I clean up and finish the raw castings, which I use in my Ball in Cage and Nature pieces.

Carving, sanding and polishing (Bakelite). I use my metalsmithing tools and compounds to saw, file, sand, and/or polish the Bakelite.